Homelessness The Homeless Population Essay - 1703 Words

Homelessness affects millions of people every year. Homelessness is an endless epidemic that continues to grow. There isn’t one specific causal factor to this every increasing population. Individuals experiencing homelessness come from various backgrounds and cultures physically, financially, and emotionally. They could be considered the melting pot for diversity. Often times individuals experiencing homeless are judged by their outer appearance with no regard for the contributing factors to the situation. According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, â€Å"in January 2014, there were 578,424 people experiencing homelessness on any given night in the United States. Of that number, 216,197 are people in families, and 362,163 are individuals† (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2015). The homeless population contains â€Å"about 15 percent who are considered to be chronically homeless and 9 percent are homeless veterans† (National Alliance to End H omelessness, 2015). Homelessness has several different subgroups to include families, youth, veterans and the chronically homeless. Each group can have several different contributing factors that contribute to becoming homeless. There are sometimes some overlapping factors as well. â€Å"Families experiencing homelessness are similar to other, housed families living in poverty. In fact, many poor families – homeless or not – share similar characteristics: they are usually headed by a single woman with limited education, areShow MoreRelatedHomelessness : The Homeless Population843 Words   |  4 Pagesfill this vast world and 25 percent are homeless. Homelessness does not just transpire overnight, in poor countries, and to adults. This dire circumstance can develop anywhere: from poverty stricken countries to the wealthiest in the world and to people of any generation. Tragically, 30 percent of the homeless population is comprised of children (HomeAid.). Government and communities need to work together to develop more solutions to elevate homelessness. Simply stated an individual should notRead MoreHomelessness And The Homeless Population1570 Words   |  7 Pagesbillion dollars each year to assist homeless persons to find permanent supportive housing. Federal programs provide funding for specific sub-groups with the idea that providing housing for these groups will end the national problem. Without continued analysis of the social construction that hinders the homeless population, funding will not reach the target destination resulting in misplaced effort. This paper provides an informational and critical analysis of homelessness in the United States and the relationshipRead MoreThe Effects Of Homelessness On The Homeless Population1372 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Homelessness The term to describe the homeless may have changed over time, however the issue of housing insecurity has remained for some Americans throughout history (Kusmer, 2001). Although the homeless population has always maintained in the United States, homelessness became a national issue in 1870 with the emergence of the â€Å"tramp†: these were men that banded together, rode trains illegally and had negative interactions with law enforcement (2001). The movement of the homeless from locationRead MoreHomelessness : Homeless Population, Origins And Consequences Of Homelessness1373 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness Some background information on the prevalence of and risk factors for the homeless population, origins and consequences of homelessness, prevention and treatment strategies, and other considerations will be presented. The definition of homelessness may cover a broad range of individuals, including those physically deprived of a home and housed persons unwilling to remain in their homes (Ravenhill 6). Some researchers conceptualize homelessness as â€Å"alienation from the rest of the societyRead MoreAs we know there a lot of homeless people in Los Angeles. Each year the population of homelessness600 Words   |  3 PagesAs we know there a lot of homeless people in Los Angeles. Each year the population of homelessness grows each day. Homelessness is an issue because it affects the community. The cause of people might be because the made a bad choice and at the end they regret it. After being homeless, they can imagine having a great job or career, owing a house and their own property they want to have wealthy lives again like they had before being homeless. Homeless people wanted to bring back their lives as oneRead MoreVulnerable Populations1503 Words   |  7 PagesVulnerable Populations BSHS/320 The United States of America is the place known to many as the land of the free, home of the brave, and the place to start a better life. With any place that has good qualities, some have not so good qualities. The homeless population in the United States is at a staggering high, and many individuals are suffering because many lack employment/financial resources, housing resources, support from family and friends, and others negligence; such as natural disastersRead MoreHealth Issues Among The Homeless Population1450 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss current health issues among the homeless population. The paper will also explore the reasons behind homelessness and the society’s perception. According to the National Coalition for the Homeless an individual experiencing homelessness fall into one of the three categories such as, chronic, transitional or episodic homelessness. Medicine or treatment for homeless individuals seeking medical attention, are not as accessible compared to non-homeless individuals due to the culture and roughRead MoreEssay about The United States Homeless Population879 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States the homeless population continues to grow rapidly. Homelessness has been a public health issue for many decades. Often times these individuals feel as though society has turned a blind eye to them. This at risk population is seen by society as lazy or chose to live a life on the streets, but if one would examine this population closely would see that there is more to this at risk population than what society has labeled them as. The forces, which affect homelessness, are multifacetedRead MoreHomeless People And The United States1648 Words   |  7 Pagesscores of homeless people begging on the sidewalks. While you might spare some change to a particularly disheveled looking woman, or a couple trying to buy food for their dog, it is customary to keep your head down in fear of interacting with one of the violent, homeless drunks t hat litter city streets. Conflict between homeless people and the housed population is not a new phenomena in the United States. With one of the highest rates of homelessness among developed countries, homelessness in the URead MoreHelping The Homeless Is A Worthy Cause1502 Words   |  7 Pagesacross a homeless person? Do you give them money and try to help them out ? Or do you keep walking by like you saw nothing? Some people, the majority of the time, tend to just walk by without helping, and this is what makes the homeless population relatively large. Many people are affected globally by homelessness, and the population gets larger yearly. Not only does homelessness affect adults, but it also affects teenagers, and sometimes even children. Eventually after people live a homeless life

The Theory Of Caring For Young Children Essay - 1204 Words

Apparently, everyone has different points of view concerning the subject of caring for young children. The theories about how we should take care of children have evolved along the years and across cultures, but the first person that created a theory about this subject was a British child psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, John Bowlby (1907-1990). Bowlby specified attachment as â€Å"lasting psychological connectedness between human beings† (Bowlby, 1969, p. 194) and he assumed that the ties that are created in the first years of life between children and caregivers have an enormous impact on the rest of the children’s lives, which consequently are going to influence the children in some attitudes and behaviours. With all of this we are able to understand that the attachment theory refers to a nurture bond that is extremely strong and reciprocal between two people, in the early years between child and caregiver, in which each of them leads to the character of the relations hip. This bond has an adaptive value for infants, ensuring that their psychosocial as well as physical needs are matched. This is really significant to assist the child to evolve socially and emotionally. According to ethological theory, which is focused on the biological and evolutionary basis of behaviour based on the human development, infants and parents have a biological predisposition to connect to each other. But who are attachments made with? There is some earlier articles and textbooks defined theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Jean Watson Theory of Caring Nur/4031707 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will present and discuss Jean Watson nursing theorist and her renowned Watsons Theory of Caring. The key concepts will be described as how it relates to the nurse patient relationship. The carative factors of health, person, nursing and environment will be discussed in its relation to the theory. Jean Watson is a living legend to nursing and is still practicing her† caritas† and continues to speak to audiences in the US as well as worldwide. Jean Watson was born in West Virginia USRead MoreRationale Statement : The Development And Implementation Of The Curriculum1639 Words   |  7 Pagespeople’s outlook towards young children’s learning and development.â€Å"Development and learning that occurs in early childhood is now widely regarded as the foundation for future learning, health and well-being†(EDU30003,2015). Professor Loris Malaguzzi from Reggio Emilia, in Italy, championed the idea of placing the image of the child at the core of pedagogy. He prefers to consider â€Å"each child’s reality, provide comfortable environment, enjoy relationship and work together with children and become totallyRead MoreVygotsky Theory, Social Learning Theory And Attachment Theory1486 Words   |  6 PagesVygotsky Theory, Social Learning Theory and Attachment Theory in a Daycare Setting With the increasing number of working parents, there is an increasing need for childcare. When being a stay-at-home parent or having a babysitter is not an option, many parents turn to daycares for the care of their children. However, finding the right daycare for their children is a challenge because they need to find the most suitable type of care that fits their child’s needs. In doing this, they have to considerRead MoreIn A Different Voice by Carol Gilligan Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessor, for many years has analyzed the psychological theory and development, specifically in a book entitled In A Different Voice. Through years of history women have been subjugated. They are seen as vehicles for reproduction and sexual objects. Yet this is a mentality that is directly related with moral theory. Since this is for the most part a male dominated societyRead MoreCriminology1590 Words   |  7 PagesCaretakers as Abusers Bellevue University Abstract This paper will discuss caregivers who charged with caring for those who are unable to look after themselves. We will consider the sociocultural explanations, social learning, and intra-individual theories associated with this type of abuse. Since most abusers are caretakers who have been entrusted with the tending to of those who are unable to care for themselves, we will examine possible causes that lead them to their cruel behavior. WeRead MoreFda Regulations : Nicotine Exposure Warnings And Child Resistant Packaging For Liquid Nicotine1664 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat interest too, because the younger generation needs to stay acknowledged of the negative impact that nicotine can have on an individual. The proposed regulation would be of great affect within the family. As previously mentioned, with two children at home, both under the age of three, it would be devastating knowing that one of them consumed such a harmful product. Even though all tobacco products are out of reach of Jazmyne and Jayden continuously, knowing that the liquid form of tobaccoRead MoreKohlbergs Theory of Moral Development Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pagesof Kohlbergs theory of moral development. In this essay, following a brief outline of the theory, I will be discussing the strengths and weaknesses of Kohlbergs theory of moral development. Morality comes from the Latin word for custom. It is a behaviour that one has been accustomed to due to the laws and customs in a particular society. By the time a person reaches adulthood, they should have a good idea about personal and social behaviour (Carlson, 2004) Kohlbergs theory of moral developmentRead MoreExplain How Theories of Development and Frameworks to Support Development Influence Current Practice1145 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different theories of development that help us to understand children’s behaviour, reactions and ways of learning. All equally important as they influence practice. To begin with there is Piaget’s constructivist theories which look at the way in which children seem to be able to make sense of their world as a result of their experiences and how they are active learners. He also suggested that as children develop so does their thinking. Piaget’s work has influenced early years settingsRead MoreEssay on Why I Want to be a Teacher in Burma1406 Words   |  6 Pagesschool teacher, cultural aspect and teacher identity. From the more strongly to my passion is via the fearful teachers from how they treat on their students/children. Another reason is making me more passion about is if I could have a chance how I am going to improve my country education systems and curriculum approach. It’s about the teaching theories, general information about the education system and also about the role of a teacher. Now my country is open more opportunity for the education compareRead MoreErik Erikson And Jean Piaget s Theories Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson and Jean Piaget are quite similar in their theories. Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory is only slightly different than Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Both theorists use the idea of developmental stages. Although the stages vary in what they entail, the carry the same idea of progressive development. Jean Piaget was born September 16, 1980, in Switzerland. His research found â€Å"that the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding one

What are some important Literary Devices used in the poem There is no Frigate like a Book Essay Example For Students

What are some important Literary Devices used in the poem There is no Frigate like a Book Essay Emily Dickinson uses several literary devices in this poem to give it form and meaning. A few important literary devices Dickinson uses in There is no Frigate like a Book are simile, overstatement, imagery, and connotation. First, Dickinson uses the literary devices simile and overstatement. The similes Dickinson uses help the reader better understand what she was thinking when she was choosing her words for the poem. The words Frigate like a Book (1) help the reader understand that a book, though small in size, is capable or delivering vast amounts of knowledge. Since one does not usually move anywhere while he or she reads a book, the statement Coursers like a Page (3) helps the reader understand that a page in a book or poem actually moves one along mentally. Next, the overstatements in Dickinsons poem are important literary devices. In the overstatement To take us Lands away (2), Dickinson does not actually mean that a book carries one to another place as a vehicle does. The overstatement is actually referring to the way ones mind imagines being in a different place when reading a book. Second, the imagery Dickinson uses in There is no Firgate like a Book is an important literary device. Imagery, while connecting with ones senses, helps the reader grasp more feeling about what he or she is reading. For example, Dickinsons words Coursers like a Page (3) help the reader feel that he or she is actually moving with the pages in a book or poem. In another example, the words prancing Poetry (4) help the reader imagine himself dancing and jumping through each line of the poetry he reads. Also, imagery helps the reader to imagine himself in certain situations. Also, one can imagine a scene better when he can visualize his surroundings. For these reasons, the imagery Dickinson uses in There is no Frigate like a Book is important. Finally, the connotations Dickinson uses in There is no Frigate like a Book is important. When Dickinson writes, Frigate like a Book (1), she is actually telling the reader that a book is an enormous transportation vessel, and that it is capable of moving information into the human mind the same way a giant ship transports people and goods across vast oceans. Next, Dickinson chooses to paint a certain picture in her readers head. For instance, she writes, How frugal is the Chariot (7) to suggest that a book is a cheap way to move ones body to another place. Dickinson uses literary devices such as simile, overstatement, imagery, and connotation in her poem There is no Frigate like a Book. She uses similes and overstatement to give her reader a better understanding of what she was thinking when she wrote. Dickinson uses imagery to help the reader imagine how important a book can be. She uses connotations to make sure the reader understands that a book has much value to its reader. Dickinson carefully uses literary devices so the reader will understand what she means when she writes.

The Shuffle free essay sample

I listen to my I-pod for two reasons; to either fill time, or to make time go faster. In this particular instance, I was hoping that time would go much faster, and that maybe the shuffle of my I-pod would serve as my personal time machine. For being Texan comes with a price sometimes, because most of the country may worry about snow storms or freak blizzards, we Texans push through thunderstorms and tornadoes. Although, enduring these natural phenomenon in an airport setting is not my idea of being intrepid; nevertheless, our family’s flight to Louisiana, just a state away, had been delayed due to the capricious weather. So I began to dig though my purse for my I-pod and headphones, turning on my shuffle to hear the sounds of my favorite songs replacing the sounds and the appearance of defeated, livid passengers and stressed, exhausted employees dealing with the chaos. We will write a custom essay sample on The Shuffle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although, listening to my I- pod shuffle can actually serve to be dangerous especially listening to it in a public place. The biggest fear is if the situation occurs when a song starts to play that causes the need and sensation to want to sing out loud along with the song and dance to it like nobody is watching; even in an airport terminal. They are many musicians that produce that result for me, but one has had the greatest impact; is the one and only Lady Gaga. As I listened to her album in that airport terminal, I was reminded of this. I saw the first assignment of the school year written on the white board by our stolid English teacher to our newly formed junior classroom; it was to write a narrative essay. Immediately, there were moans and complaints from the rest of the class about our assignment; not from me. What the rest of the class did not know was that in my homework folder was a poem I had written about gossip, and under it was a half, unfinished short story inspired by the question of how to tell a guy I knew that he had a uni-brow. I was different for the reason that I loved to write, and I even did it for fun. Furthermore, the strangest quirk about me was my biggest aspiration in life to write a best selling novel. I had tried in the past to explain this to people, but the product of a strange look toward me gave me my answer. This issue was exemplified while writing that first essay along with my English class. Our class followed the instructions given by our English teacher to begin writing the outl ine and draft for the looming due date of the assignment. Even with the aversion by most, everyone at least jotted down a paragraph or two within the class period. Although, for me the words flowed underneath my fingertips gripping the pencil and the feeling was not one of pride or arrogance, but more of being passionate about what I was doing. Though, looking around me I felt out of place for something that I understood, and there was nothing I could do to change the incomprehension. One night, I was flipping through the television channels since I had finished my English essay early, and like the shuffle on my unpredictable I-pod, before me was Lady Gaga on an interview with Barbara Walters. As much as I loved her music, I also thought she was completely insane, outrageous, ridiculous, and the poster child for being audacious with everything she touched and decided to do. As I watched however, Lady Gaga then began to talk about how different she felt growing up and how she learned to not care what others thought of her and simply follow her dreams to create that is Lady Gaga and what is the success around it. I sat on my couch listening and trying to process what I had just heard; regardless, I had learned something great. So I turned off the television and began to journal about this new discovery, that maybe our differences can be are our greatest assets. Living in fear of what others will think of you because of your difference is foolish; in addition, maybe is it ludicrous that I learned this from Lady Gaga. Although, what would the world be like if we took the songs on our shuffles and actually danced and sang to them and not worried about what others would think about us? That might be the most important question to ask when in doubt of our dreams in the wake of others judgment upon them. Nevertheless, after hours of waiting in the oblivion of the DFW airport in the mists of serve thunderstorms and a tornado warning, the weather finally cleared and our flight was re-booked. As our family stood and walked onto our flight, I kept my headphones on; not to fill time or make it go faster, but for the new reason to know and remind myself that my dreams are worth pursuing. The next time my I-pod is playing Lady Gaga, I may not stand, dance, or sing out loud to her in a busy airport terminal, but I will continue to write and work toward my dream; remembering how she taught me how to gain fearlessness.

Education Systems in Hong Kong Essays

Education Systems in Hong Kong Essays Education Systems in Hong Kong Essay Education Systems in Hong Kong Essay Education system in Hong Kong Education system is the system of formalistic transmittal of cognition and values runing within a given society. In Hong Kong, there are twelve old ages of compulsory schooling, six old ages in primary school and six old ages in junior secondary school. This leads to the HKDSE ( Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education ) exams. Students gain entry to a scope of post-secondary, vocational and third classs offered by a assortment of establishments based on the consequences of the HKDSE. The bulk of university classs offered by Hong Kong universities will besides undergo a alteration in construction for pupils graduating with the HKDSE. Cram schools in Hong Kong are called tutorial schools. These cram schools put focal point on the major public scrutinies in Hong Kong, viz. HKDSE, and teach pupils on techniques on replying inquiries in the scrutinies. They besides provide pupils tips on which subjects may look on the coming scrutiny ( called inquiry tipping ) , and supply pupils some sample inquiries that are similar to those that appear in the scrutinies. Some cram school instructors in Hong Kong have become adored and pull many pupils to take their lessons. These instructors are called King of coachs . The instruction system in the district is chiefly focal point on the local public test HKDSE. Students focus on the public test HKDSE since they have to strike for a University Degree. Cram schools in Hong Kong are referred to as Tutorial schools. Harmonizing to Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong, A tierce of secondary school pupils went for private tutoring. The schools focal point on the two major local public scrutinies, viz. HKDSE and Teach pupils the techniques of replying inquiries in the scrutinies, every bit good as supplying pupils tips on subjects which may look on the scrutiny. Cram schools in Hong Kong are celebrated because of the emphasiss from Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education ( HKDSE ) . These cram school learning includes practising exam inquiries and grammar drills. Furthermore, they provide theoretical account essays for English linguistic communication test. However, some schools are non licensed, and few pedagogues have learning makings. Their instruction is fun to appeal to the pupils but small utile for these pupils. For illustration, in my experience, I studied seven topics in my secondary school and for Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education scrutiny ; they are Chinese, English, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Liberal Studies and mathematics Module Two. In order to acquire a good consequence in the scrutiny, I went to tutorial school for four topics four times per a hebdomad. Although the tutorial fee is high, most of pupils believe that tutorial category can assist them to better their consequence and obtain a higher consequence tha n expected. While jaming may assist you retain some information, this keeping is merely impermanent. Houghton College warns that jaming can take pupils to bury of import inside informations on the twenty-four hours of the trial. Losing memorized stuff in the long term can be damaging if this information will look once more on a ulterior trial, such as a midterm or concluding test. Jaming makes it so you have to re-study many of these constructs on later trials, because of the short-run nature of the memorisation. Re-studying stuff is a waste of clip that can be spent on other assignments. One of the most touchable disadvantages of jaming for a trial is increased emphasis. This emphasis can negatively impact your concentration and public presentation on the test. Lander University warns that jaming requires an tremendous sum of attempt and loss of slumber, ensuing in pupils having lower-than-usual classs the undermentioned twenty-four hours. The emphasis can besides ensue in exhaustion and an inability to concentrate on the stuff while seeking to analyze. A unagitated head will ever execute better, and it s hard to stay unagitated when faced with a limited sum of clip to fix for all the parts of an test. One of the primary features of cramming is holding deficient clip to efficaciously cover all the necessary stuff. Another effect of the clip restraint is information overload, in which pupils feel overwhelmed by the sum of stuff they must larn and reexamine in a little sum of clip. Information overload can do pupils encephalons to experience like they have shut down, doing farther analyzing unproductive. Besides, stalling can take to pupils holding merely adequate clip to memorise things instead than exhaustively understand them, which can harm them on trial twenty-four hours. Education in Hong Kong has frequently been described as spoon feeding . Cram schools in Hong Kong have besides become a popular criterion in analogue to regular instruction. The dominant ways of believing about instruction system, particularly cram school, are excessively exam-orientated. Student may simply get academic cognition since they wholly focus on the HKDSE ( Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education ) test. Education system is going a system that memorizes the lexicon. When pupils have memorized selected cognition, so they will be given a one-day trial, based on dictionary cognition. Knowledge merely has value when used with a procedure and procedure in an unreal environment is non predictable or mensurable. Besides, some have criticized the system for holding excessively narrow of a watercourse focal point, excessively early on. Legco Member Alan Leong of the pointed out in a invitee talk at the Chinese University of Hong Kong that secondary degree scientific discipline pu pils are incapable of take parting in meaningful treatments on history, humanistic disciplines, or literature. Vice versa journalists of humanistic disciplines watercourse background are incapable of accurately discoursing technological issues. A typical Hong Kong pupil compared with other pupils, even against other pupils in the Asia part, lacks systematic decision-making assurance and relies on repeat and undeveloped replies. However, school is non merely a topographic point where students are ‘educated’ receiving, in peculiar, ‘moral’ Education, but besides a topographic point where they are ‘taught’ and learn specific topics. Our society says merely academic rudimentss are of import and that is based on roll uping cognition without understanding its value. Processing of cognition, utilizing inspiration, airy aspirations, creativeness, hazard, ability to resile back from failure, motive are besides critical to pupils. Most instruction establishments don’t see these accomplishments. These accomplishments are associated with understanding the value of cognition. Functionalist theory fundamentally suggests that society is made up of interrelated establishments and supports strength through societal harmoniousness. ( Vissing, 2011 ) Functionalists see society as a meritocracy. An illustration is that people get what they deserve in occupations based on the consequence that they’ve done in school. Functionalists believe that instructions teach the accomplishments needed for a occupation, therefore assist the economic system. Education sorts the cagey people from the midst for the right occupations. On the other manus, Functionalists believe that instruction is secondary socialisation. Anthony Smith asserts that functionalists visualize the society, which structured like a human organic structure. For illustration, parts of our organic structure map together to keep a healthy whole. In a society, instruction and household plays a critical function of the parts and all map together to keep the whole society. Emile Durkheim pointed out besi des that instruction eases children’s passage from the particularistic household to the universalistic work environment and besides, really significantly that instruction plays an of import function in the socialisation procedure. Conflict theoretician ( Marxism ) make the instance that there is an ordered system of inequality that is good to the people and organisations that have more power and resources than others. ( Vissing, 2011 ) Marxists believe that instructions help capitalist economy by learning childs what they need to work for the capitalists and warrant inequality because the working category childs fail tests. Besides, instructions pass on beliefs that all is just in society. In the yesteryear, the local instruction system has been really exam-orientated. However, in recent old ages at that place have been some moves towards fewer tests ad more uninterrupted and formative appraisal. A quality instruction is critical and it should custom design that addresses the alone abilities of each pupil and has a positive emotional experience. Custom instruction evaluates natural endowment and how the pupil learns. This is why place schooled pupils out perform schoolroom pupils. Parents learn what works and does non work, so concentrate on what plants. With this method, pupils develop a love to larn and larning becomes a womb-to-tomb procedure, therefore assisting pupils to make best in their hereafter in their life. Mention: Badarinza, C. ( 2011 ) . Collateralized Debt and Social Externalities.Job Market Paper,GoetheUniversity. Cheng, L. ( 1997 ) . How does washback influence learning? Deductions for Hong Kong.Language and Education,11( 1 ) , 38-54. Education Commission. ( 2000 ) . Learning for life, larning through life: Reform proposals for the instruction system in Hong Kong. Parkin, F. ( 1979 ) .Marxism and category theory: A businessperson review( pp. 25-27 ) . London: Tavistock.

Soothing Quotes When You Are Missing Someone

Soothing Quotes When You Are Missing Someone When you are in love, almost every moment of togetherness is bliss, and almost every moment of separation is torture. When your heart pines for your loved one, you cannot help but lose interest in other aspects of your life. Your mind and soul suffer from a deep yearning. You might be separated by distance from your love or the separation might be permanent, the result of death or a breakup. These quotes can help when you are brought low by missing a love, for whatever reason. Quotes to Help Cope With Missing Someone William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet: â€Å"Parting is such sweet sorrow that I shall say goodnight till it be morrow.†Ron Pope: I was praying that you and me might end up together. Its like wishing for rain as I stand in the desert, but Im holding you closer than most, cause you are my heaven.Claudia Adrienne Grandi: If I had a single flower for every time I think about you, I could walk forever in my garden.Henry Alford: Life is so short, so fast the lone hours fly. We ought to be together, you and I.Nicholas Sparks: Romance is thinking about your significant other when you are supposed to be thinking about something else.Frederick Buechner: You can kiss your family and friends goodbye and put miles between you, but at the same time you carry them with you in your heart, your mind, your stomach, because you do not just live in a world but a world lives in you.Ralph Waldo Emerson:  For everything you have missed, you have gained something else, and for everything you gain, you lose something else. Emily Dickinson: Parting is all we know of heaven and all we need to know of hell.American Proverb: Absence makes the heart grow fonder.Hans Nouwens: In true love, the smallest distance is too great, and the greatest distance can be bridged.Francois Duc de la Rochefoucauld: Absence diminishes little passions and increases great ones, as the wind extinguishes candles and fans a fire.Kay Knudsen: Love is missing someone whenever youre apart, but somehow feeling warm inside because youre close in heart.Rainbow Rowell, Eleanor Park:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"His eyes missed her as much as the rest of him.†Ã‚  Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Dream of a Ridiculous Man short story: â€Å"How anxiously I yearned for those I had forsaken.†Ã‚  Dennis Lehane, Shutter Island: But as the years passed, he missed her more, not less, and his need for her became a cut that would not scar over, would not stop leaking.†Ã‚  Kaui Hart Hemmings, The Descendants: â€Å"Thats how you know you love someone, I g uess when you cant experience anything without wishing the other person were there to see it, too.†

Critical review report of Coastal Zone Management Essay

Critical review report of Coastal Zone Management - Essay Example â€Å"The national CZM Program is based on the federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, which is implemented by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) through the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. The Coastal Services Center is a program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration devoted to serving the nations state and local coastal resource management programs by linking people, information, and technology.† (Coastal Zone Management) Coastal zone management is very essential because there have been a lot of changes in the global environment in the recent decades. There must also be development of these resources for better utilization and bringing awareness to people. There must be wise use of these resources which build the wealth of the nations. Hence the coastal zone management is very important for every nation. In today’s world, with the changing climatic conditions globally and with the green house effect it is very important to maintain the coastal waters. The earth is made up of 75 percent of water. The coastal region is less than fifteen percent in the world but it holds more than fifty percent of the world population in it. It is also one of the major natural resources which add to the wealth of the nations. Management measures must be taken for control against erosion, sedimentation, to retain the nutrients etc. It is also important to understand the behavior of the coasts and prevent them from being destroyed either by natural sources or physical sources. Flooding and erosion are the major problems faced by the coast due to natural reasons. Polluting the coast would be physical reasons of destroying the efficiency of the coast. All this will cause decrease in the number of tourists visiting the coastal areas. And also affect the fifty percent of the world population who live with in 200 kilometers of

Analysis of We Googled You Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Analysis of We Googled You - Assignment Example In the current case, the company has a prospective employee who has been brought up in China and therefore is aware of the business environment in the country. The individual has been proposed by one of the company’s trusted managers who have the responsibility of bringing on board employees who are qualified for the specific kind of job. The manager, Fred, finds Mimi, a young lady who is a daughter to one of his long-time friends, who is qualified for the job. She has enough education for the responsibilities that he is expected to handle, good recommendations from her employers and at present, and she is enthusiastic about helping the company achieve its objectives. When; however, the human resource manager in the company performs a search of the individual on google, an incident reported eight years before is revealed. She was once a leader of the protest group that was strongly against World Trade. It is an incident that the company would rather not be associated with. The issue arises because a person of her qualifications and experience is not easy to find, yet the report of eight years ago may be following her and the company. It is for the company to make a decision on whether to hire Mimi with her slightly tainted past and a probably bright present and future, which the company can also benefit from or to let her go. Hiring her would mean that the company hopes that her past does not affect her functions and that she will deliver quality services. Letting her go will mean that the company does not care about their current needs and her qualifications but looks out to hire spotless individuals. There are various alternatives that the company can take. First, the company may decide to proceed with the hiring and assume that they know nothing of the incident on google.  Ã‚  

Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes Essay Introduction. Social stereotyping has become a widespread phenomenon nowadays. This topic has been actively investigated in social psychology and it is still one of the most controversial issues in this science as there are many opposite points of view on the process of stereotyping. In our trivial understanding stereotypes are negative phenomena and we should escape them but this is just mundane awareness, which has no common with scientific vision of it. In fact, avoidance of different stereotypes is impossible because they are natural for human beings. They surround us everywhere in our life and sometimes we can be unconscious that we are under their influence. One more thing is that stereotypes are confused with prejudice. It is a common but serious mistake because there is Ð ° vital difference between them. The former should be considered, as psychological phenomenon that can be both positive and negative while prejudice is an adverse one by its nature. This essay is about the mechanisms of stereotyping, their place in our life, how they manifest in modern society and their importance for us. 1. Social stereotyping within Social Psychology. Social stereotypes- simplified schematized images of social objects that are shared by most of members of social groups. The first man who used this definition was Walter Lippmann. He submitted his work â€Å"Public Opinion† in 1922 where he describes stereotypes as â€Å"pictures in our heads†. Lippmann thought that these â€Å"pictures† were inevitable and made the process of perception easier but also were the foundation of social misunderstanding and intension. â€Å"For the most part we do not see first, and then define, we define first and then see†. It should be noted that at first researches of stereotypes were devoted to the images of ethnic communities, but with the development of our society and as a result of it with the growth of social mobility and people’s involvement in the great amount of social groups, the researches spread on various types of groups and communities like religious, political, professional, cultural, economical, age-related, sexual and so on. Stereotypes usually appear in the setting of the shortage of information when your own experience interacts with the subsisting in the society representations. It often happens that the latter is erroneous and biased. That is why they say that stereotyping is inaccurate and can lead to distortion of people’s notions and knowledge and can seriously spoilt interindividual interplay. But it should be taken into consideration that stereotypes can be not only negative, too generalized, too simplified and approximate but also positive, accurate and neutral. To estimate whether stereotype is true or false they have to analyze the situation because depending on the circumstances one stereotype can be both right and wrong. 1. 1. Levels and functions of stereotyping. Social stereotypes should be considered as the system of its three components: cognitive, in other words informative, which includes the information about real objects and phenomena; affective or evaluative part that consists of experiences; social (behavioral)- the way of behavior to different objects of surrounding world. People adopt stereotypes since their childhood and use them before the constitution of their own images. Scientists detach two fundamental levels of stereotyping: group and individual. The difference lies in functions that they execute: on the group level they are ideological and identifying functions and on the other there are cognitive and value-protective ones. But this division is conventional as one function can be realized on both levels. Cognitive function consists of systematization of incoming information, its selection and simplification. Due to this stereotyping helps to acquire maximum of the data involving minimum of brainwork. In fact, it is one of the forms of perception of social reality that allows us cope with the information space of modern world and which is used when more accurate and full information is not available. In short it can be said that it helps people to react quickly on social events and to foresee people’s actions. But it should be appreciated that it does not serve for facilitation of the cognition but for social understanding of the information. Another function of the individual level directs to the creation and protection of the positive self-image. The same goals realized the identifying one on the social level but there we have we-image of the group. It is very important for human beings and social groups to follow standards in order to support their identity and to occupy their places in the social structure. So, it is seen that stereotyping leads to the social categorization and sometimes to social prejudice and so called in-groups and out-groups. And finally the ideological function, as it is not hard to guess, consists in the shaping of the group ideology and also in its preservation. The ideology in turn is one of the crucial components as it explains and substantiates the behavior of the group members and their characteristics. 1. 2. Attributes of stereotypes. One of the key characteristics of the considering process is that stereotyping largely based on emotions and has estimative side. It is normal because people generate stereotypes and it can be hardly argued that the latter is not under subjective evaluation and opinions. That is why stereotypes are very unreliable and inaccurate sometimes and following them can lead to serious consequences, for example, when they affect on making decisions. It happens very often when people behave in a very illogical ways just because of being under the stereotypes. One more crucial peculiarity is the stability. Its fixity was proved by many researches but scientists also claim that it has relative nature because changes of relationships between groups and individuals can veer contents of stereotypes. They emphasize some reasons of the stability. Firstly, people deny changing their images even when they come in contact with a person that disconfirm social image and tend to think that it is an exception but not a mistake in the system of stereotyping. For instance, it is a common idea that men never cry, so when we face with weeping man it corners us and we are disposed to think that it is an abnormal situation. Second one follows herefrom and lie in the fact that it is common for people to forget about the failure of stereotypes and remember only the instances that confirm them. And thirdly, our expectations affect on the perception. Finally, stereotypes possess the coherence or consensus. But it is a very controversial issue because some psychologists do not acknowledge it as an attribute because stereotypes should be explored as individual phenomena because they are produced in people’s heads. 1. 3 â€Å"Grain of truth†. After 1950s years in social psychology appeared a new hypothesis â€Å"grain of truth† according to which the volume of true knowledge is much more bigger than the volume of false in stereotypes. Scientists that support this new view claim that stereotyping is not a scheme of fabulous opinions but is a total of real images of group characteristics and relationships that may be deformed but still reflect social reality. In other words they should understand this as that stereotypes base upon the reality and what is more the conceptualization of a group usually shapes from the interaction with its representative. So, stereotypes include truthful information that can be spoilt by corrupted data. As social stereotypes to a large extent reflect real features of groups, there is no doubt that the principles of contacts between groups have an effect on the stereotypes: depending on it the latter may conclude less or more positive constituent. One more key factor is the criterion of verity of the stereotyping. If more than two groups support a stereotype and self-assessment of the group is the same, the stereotype is estimated as true. But they should add that self-assessment is a very doubtful aspect because group can be mistaken and estimate itself subjectively in a wrong way. 2. Manifestation of social stereotypes in the modern society. 2. 1. Stereotypes in every day. As stated before we face social stereotypes every day of our lives. In some cases we consciously use them but it often happens that we do not realize how and when they appear. The brightest examples are ethnic stereotypes. We get used to think that Frenchmen are full of love and French women are always well groomed and elegant, Jews are crafty and always look for profit, British men are prim, conservative, traditionalist, very patriotic and drink tea the whole day, Germans are punctual and like order, Americans are mad about their country, have dull sense of humour, hardworking and chase American dream and as for the Russian people the whole world thinks that we are crazy, drink alcohol instead of tea and Russian women are the most beautiful. As it is seen, these stereotypes in most cases are neutral and have confirmation in the reality but some of them are absurd and have no common with the objective state of things. So, for instance, while travelling we prepare to see something that we expect according to gained stereotypes. Sometimes it happens that they help us as we are ready to changes of social environment but in other cases we have culture shock (f. e. Americans can joke well and are not too mad about money and work; a fair number of Russians do not drink alcohol at all). Gender stereotypes are also very widespread. Women are called as the softer sex, are thought to be fools and as a result cannot occupy high posts, they are bad drivers, blondes are silly, clever ones cannot be happy in their interior lives. As for males, they never cry, have to direct and are unfaithful to their wives. These lists are enormous and can be continued endlessly. We use them constantly and even submit their influence voluntarily. There are a lot of jokes about blondes, sometimes it is hard for women to get prestigious job and we do not expect of men to indulge weaknesses. Generally speaking, the amount of stereotypes is immense and it is impossible to list them all. In most instances we employ them willingly and rarely deny them. Some of them enter our lives so strongly that control our actions, goings and decisions. 2. 2. Stereotypes in management. Managers work with people permanently, so it is important for them to know about the mechanism of stereotyping and know, how to make the best use of it. As a leader, manager should abstract from any of stereotypes and behave with subordinates equally independently of their gender, nation, age and so on. If he or she does not do it, it can lead to conflicts, decrease of working capacity of a collective and even to his/her dismissal because of professional incompetence. Moreover, Chief Human Resources Officer while recruitment should also control his/her personal stereotypes as he/she can miss good professional or otherwise make a mistake employing undesirable person just because of the sympathy or other factors that stereotypes generate. Finally, professional manager has to know how stereotyping may affect on his/her staffs and know how to prevent negative backwashes of it to organize staffs well and to increase the effectiveness and working efficiency of a collective. Conclusion. To make a conclusion it is necessary to say that stereotyping is an important process and it cannot be ignored. Stereotypes carry positive functions such as facilitation of perception but also can negatively affect on us. So people should distinguish where adventitious impact of them finishes and adverse begins as stereotypes affect on us and only people by themselves can control the power of their influence. Although stereotypes includes some truth, people should remember that it is much better to check a stereotype in the reality than to rely on it surely, as it can turn against them. Now scientists are working on the system of the suppression of stereotypes as they are in favor of their substitution to personal persuasion. It is a hard thing to control and mortify stereotypes in your own consciousness, as it needs from you to realize the prepossession and ignore it proceeding from the equality of men and from the feeling of compunction because you know nothing of people but judge them in advance.

Osmosis In A Potato :: Papers

Osmosis In A Potato Intro: ====== My biology coursework is based round the osmosis process that takes place in potatoes. Osmosis is the intake of a salt solution through a selectively permeable membrane. The strength of a salt solution can have a dramatic difference on the amount the potato can take in, and how it reacts. Here is an example of a selectively permeable membraneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Salt Solution [IMAGE][IMAGE] Strong Weak [IMAGE] Strong Weak Salt Solution [IMAGE] Variables: An fundamental necessity in my biology experiment is to decide which variable I am going to use and modify. A variable is an aspect of the experiment which can be modified in order to change the outcome of the entire osmosis experiment. Below are the variables I have available * Temperature * Solution Strength * Size Of Potato * Weight Of Potato After a lot of careful deliberation I have decided to use the solution strength as my variable. I chose this because it enables me to witness the effect different strengths of solution have on osmosis. Method: To carry out my experiment successfully I will need to stick to the diagram belowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. [IMAGE] Firstly, I will take 6 test tubes with different strength salt solutions and add them to a test tube rack. I will then cut up a potato and measure them to make sure they are the required size, for this experiment I have chosen 1.0cm. I will then add two measurements of potato into each test tube. The test tube will then be left over night in a fuming cupboard, and results will be taken the next morning. Fair Test: To make sure my experiment is fair I will stand by the following guidelinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ * Use the same sized test tube. * Make sure each strength is measured exactly. * Make sure each piece of potato is exactly the same size as the next.

Apple Case Study

Please divide Apple's history into periods and trace the changes in business models that took place over these periods. Apple history is explained in the case history from 1972 – 2006. Apples history is described below, reflecting on the changes In Business Model (how the company generated revenue). The Beginning years, 1976 – 1 985: Apple was founded In 1976 and they built a computer circuit board named the Apple l. Within span of 4 years they went to PIP with the help of Venture capitalist Markup, Jar. Its original business model was based on selling a computer that could e used straight out of the box with a closed platform.In 1981 IBM introduced a Microsoft's DOS operating system and it's an open system and easily cloned, whilst a lack of compatible software on Macintosh (Mac) made net income fall 17%. Steve Jobs was removed from his operational role by the board. Jobs left Apple to find a new company NeXT. The sculls years, 1985-1993: In 1985 John Sculls was appoin ted as CEO. Sculls was an operations and marketing expert from Pepsi. Scull's strategy was focused on taking Apple into the corporate world, which he did successfully, making Apple a well-known brand name.During the Sculls years Apple was able to monopolize on the â€Å"love affair† for Macs by selling at a premium. In 1990 Sculls changed the business model to sell their computers at lower prices to get more market share, while also delivering new ‘hit products' every 6-12 months. Apple embarked on a Joint venture with MOM to create a new operating model, multimedia applications, etc. Sculls also reduced headcount by 10% and moved much of the manufacturing to contractors. Sculls also made himself Technology officer despite having no skills In this area.He was then relinquished of his duties In 1993. The spindled years, 1993 – 1995: Spindled was an engineer and had successfully headed Apple Europe and changed the business model once more to focus on education and publishing. He killed the plan to put the SO on Intel and instead he would license other companies to produce MAC clones. He focused on international growth I. E china. Spindlier business model also focused on the fact that the new operating model would save the company. Like Sculls, Spindled had to slash costs but Apple still had problems.In first quarter of 1996, apple reported $69 million in losses and more layoffs and Spindled was replaced. Amelia years, 1996 – 19971 ND a high pricing / differentiation strategy and slash payroll. Amelia wanted to turn apple back to its premium price differentiation strategy. He cancelled the next generation Mac SO, which had already cost $mom in R&D. Instead apple would acquire Next along with Steve Jobs. Amelia brought NeXT and brought Jobs as an advisor. Apple still suffered financially and Amelia was forced out. Steve Jobs became the temporary CEO. 997- Steve Jobs era: Steve Jobs re-joined the company in 1996 after Apple acquired NeXT. He made several drastic changes; investment into Apple, a commitment to develop core reduces, ended the Mac licensing program while buying the assets of the leading clone maker, consolidated the product ranges, and launched the Apple website to sell products directly. Jobs' business model turned the company around. He agreed that Microsoft would invest in core products for MAC ii office. Also he rationalized product range from 15 to 3, research projects by 70% and reduced staffing and outsourcing.Comment on what you learn about business model and business model change from this case. When evaluating Apple's business model, it's useful to think in terms of the pre-1996 era and the post-1996 era. Apple has always been and continues to be a manufacturer of computers and electronics with a focus on complete hardware and software integration. Prior to 1996, the company focused almost exclusively on personal computers in the Macintosh line, with the occasional foray into innovative produ cts like the Newton.When Steve Jobs re-joined the company in 1996, that mission evolved beyond personal computing into products like the pod, phone, and pad. Apple is positioned well for the future, and it's not a company that's willing to settle for current success. Unafraid of centralization, the company continues to churn out Phones that make the pod look like a hobby, as well as the pad Mini that unashamedly steals market share from its big brother. Notoriously secret, the company reveals little about the product pipeline, but it's believed that Steve Jobs has left a product roadman for more than a decade.How do other theories of strategy such as capability theory fit with this story? Apple was unable to maintain any strategy over this period since every CEO inconsistently changed the business model and strategy of Apple. Apple's most important resources and capabilities are Steve Jobs, and the integrated system of hardware and software hat the firm has developed and successfull y marketed to derive value. Steve brought Apple back to tremendous success following a decline in relevance and heads the continued creation of billions of dollars of value.While Apple's designers, programmers, and engineers each represent key resources, the ability of the firm to exploit their abilities to create their entire software/hardware ecosystem is the firm's Apple Stores – Retail Locations The introduction of Apple stores has provided the company with an important physical presence to act as both a sales location and an advertisement. Apple tops any retailers in in-store sales, generating $4,032 per retail square foot per year, beating other retailers like Tiffany & Co. At $2,666 and Best Buy at only $930.Relationship with Moms Apple has outsourced all of its manufacturing processes to MEMO partners in China, like Foxing and Hon.. Ha Precision Industry while focusing on design internally. The relationships between Apple and their MEMO partners are very close to prov ide Apple with excellent service and high quality products. Industrial Design Capability Apple's incredible industrial design capability is a function of their innovative design names, led by Jonathan Eve, senior vice president of industrial design, and the firm's parameterization of design and outsourced production.Talented Software Development Teams Apple's software developers are carefully selected and talented programmers. They've produced industry award winning software and the highly regarded iterations of Macintosh SOX operating system. Tailored Hardware/Software Systems One of Apple's most important capabilities is their ability to develop and build highly integrative systems with software designed specifically for the hardware it runs on. Apple Case Study A. The PC industry is much older than the MP3 player industry. As it is an older market, its structure is also more consolidated with only a few builders accounting for the majority of the market. On the other hand, the first MP3 players only surfaced less than ten years ago. While Apple’s Ipod may dominate the market, there are much more MP3 player manufacturers compared to PC manufacturers.Another difference between the two industries is that PCs tend to be commodity products as opposed to MP3 players which are seen as lifestyle or luxury products. This means that PCs for the most part are considered disposable items, especially to bulk buyers like firms or educational institutions. As such, value for money is a premium for PC manufacturers and the trend for the industry is to have better products per new generation at a lower price.Compare this to MP3 players which are for the most part used for personal entertainment. The popularity of the Ipod has cemented the MP3 player as a fashion accessory in addition to a consumer electronics product. Consumers also tend to be more concerned with the form of their MP3 players as opposed to the form of their PCs.Both industries are also experiencing the trend of convergence with PCs having more and more features oriented towards entertainment and MP3 players having more features geared for productivity. Additionally, the cellphone is also encroaching on both products. Smartphones are slowly gaining more PDA and laptop like features. These same devices are also starting to gain more and more entertainment features with newer models coming equipped with the ability to snap pictures and play music.B. Apple products have always been known for its innovation, ease of use and high price. One could say that while PCs in general are a commodity product, Apple computers are marketed like luxury items. Apple computers look better than the competition, are easier to use than the competition, and cost more than the competit ion. As opposed to its PC competitors who used different strategies to be able to offer the lowest prices possible, Apple’s offerings have always been about function and form first, cost second.Apple’s initial foray into the MP3 market touted ease of use as its main strategy. The Ipod featured a thumbwheel that simplified the access of thousands of songs stored in the player. The Ipod’s ease of use was essential to its adoption by newcomers who were unfamiliar to MP3. Secondly, ITunes was very innovative in the way that it simplified the process of legally obtaining music over the internet.Apple made possible a new distribution method for music through ITunes wherein the customer can access exactly the tracks he wants, anywhere in the world and the music is delivered directly to him. Lastly, the success of the Ipod has allowed Apple to leverage its brand strength as a key strategy for the Ipod. Apple successfully marketed the Ipod as a lifestyle accessory and a successful marketing campaign has made an Ipod (not an MP3 player, an Ipod) a must have.C. One key strength for Apple has been its brand. Successful products in the past have infused the Apple Brand with the values of ease of use, innovation and style. This is best seen through the cult of Apple fanaticism with Apple devotees preaching the values of Apple products to their peers. Like whole foods, the Apple brand has formed its own following that serves to promote the values of Apple products.While marketing strength may be a great strength of Apple, their culture of innovation allows them to maintain a lead over their competitors in terms of ease of use and new features. The key to Apple’s innovation is their focus on satisfying the needs and uses of the customer as opposed to simply cramming their products full of gadgetry.This is best seen during the years before Apple switched to Intel processors. While relegated to using the antiquated PowerPC processor from Motorola, Ap ple was able to maintain interest in their computers by innovating on the software side, coming out with the much acclaimed OS X operating system and its succeeding incarnations.Apple PCs have also been known to be better in design related applications. Macintosh computers are seen by many to be better suited for creative applications such as image processing, music creation and video editing. Apple itself has invested heavily in these areas with their free, pre-installed versions of these types of programs being far better than the offerings of their competitors.Lastly, Apple’s policy of being tight with its technology has allowed it to keep a high level of control over products associated with Apple products. Unlike other PC manufacturers whose technology is available to all OEMs, Apple technology is shut out to third party manufacturers. For the most part, Apple controls who makes Apple peripherals.While this limits the expansion of Apple and keeps the cost of its peripher als high, it has allowed Apple to maintain a high level of quality for its peripherals and its own products as their computers are less likely to crash due to shoddy third party products.

Benefits Of Multinational Corporations Essay

Like any other multinational corporation, Acme Motors have been coupled with various economic implications and benefits to the foreign countries in which it operates. Acme is a motor vehicle company headquartered in Nuevo Laredo but performing other international business in Mexico, Spain and other countries. In the foreign countries, it has been involved in the manufacturing of motor vehicle engines above their assembly to complete vehicles. The performance of the company is usually fed by a number of comparative advantages which are implied by its operational capacity. Generally, the large scale capacity of the company has been a major advantage which the company uses to create economics of scale in its operational system through its broad endowed portfolio of technology. It has been able to successfully compete in the foreign international market which is highly competitive. The company has various artistic and management tools that help to impair the effects of foreign business culture which may lead to operational failures. It has a wide management support which compound the tools of research into the broad market and political risks operating in the foreign market which may bring operational losses. Either it has also used the tools of mergers and acquisitions to help prevent the negative impacts of foreign market infestations. (Skene, 1992) However, the operational portfolio of the company has been faced by the challenges of negative externalities of environmental pollution and degradation in the host countries. Basically, the industrial nature of the company compounds various environmental degrading facets which include resource over exploitation emission to the air pollution, water pollution and the general socio-economic implications which are of negative external capacity. However, the problem of environmental pollution and degradation to the company allies to been a fatal problem which has even called for various statutory control programs both by the company and the state government. Usually the tool of increasing taxation has been a subjective implication which has helped the company to change its industrial characteristics. Through higher cost levies by such foreign governments, the company has changed its industrial technology to more environmental friendly methods which cause less pollution. Generally, through such taxes, the government has then compensated the society for such environmental pollutions above supplying various public goods which benefit the people. (Wray, 1997) To the company, the tools for control of environmental degradation have posited various cost implications both in the short run and in the long run. Since the system for implementing environmental control has been achieved through change in modifying operation to capture more friendly methods, this has however been costly. Higher cost has had a negative implication to increases in the cost in the short run. However, increases in cost have been ransomed through the use of proper management tools which ensure a well balanced business management conceptions which continue to provide the company competitively advantages in the market. However, the long run cost has been reduced through higher sells achievements from the active product support from the environmental friendly consumers. (Snowdon, Vane, 1997) Generally, as an important tool, the environmental aspect is an important tool which the company and any other should apply in the international portfolio. The cost of environmental degradation is costly and would perhaps outweigh the benefit cost relationship which provides grounds for competitive advantage at the market. Either, it is important in safeguarding the broad interest of the society with which the manufacturing (industrial) activity is allied to. Reference Skene, G, (1992) Cycles of inflation and Deflation: Money, Debt at the 1920’s. Westport CT: Praeger. Snowdon, B & Vane, H, (1997) A Macroeconomic Reader. London; Rout ledge. Underwood D, (2004) Principle of Macroeconomics; Toward a Multiparadigmatic approach. Journal Economic issues, Vol. 38. Wray, L (1997) Kenneth Bouding’s Reconstruction of Macroeconomics. Review of social economy, Vol. 55.

Aguilar Surname Meaning and Origin

Aguilar Surname Meaning and Origin The popular Spanish last name Aguilar likely denotes that the surnames original bearer  came from any of numerous places called Aguilar or Aguilas, from the Latin aquilare, meaning haunt of eagles. Those of Spanish origin, for example, may have come from the city of Aguilar (also called Aguilar de la Frontera) in Spain, near Cà ³rdoba. Some other possible localities of origin include Aguilar de Campoo in Palencia, Spain, and Aguilar de Segarra from the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.   Aguilar is the 45th most common Hispanic surname. According to WorldNames PublicProfiler, the name is most commonly found today in Spain, especially in the Andalucia region, followed by Argentina. Top cities include the Spanish cities of Barcelona, Madrid, Malaga, and Sevilla, plus Los Angeles in the U.S. Surname Origin:  Spanish, Catalan, Jewish (Sephardic from Spain or Portugal) Alternate Surname Spellings:  AGUILERA, AGUILER, AGUILLAR, AGUILLARD Famous People with the Surname Aguilar Grace Aguilar - English novelist and poet, best known for her writing on  Jewish history and religionChristina Aguilera - American pop singer, song writer and actressJeronimo de Aguilar -  Franciscan friar involved in the 1519 Spanish conquest of MexicoPepe Aguilar - American-born Mexican  singer-songwriter and actor Genealogy Resources for the Surname Aguilar 50 Common Hispanic Surnames Their MeaningsGarcia, Martinez, Rodriguez, Lopez, Hernandez... Are you one of the millions of people sporting one of these top 50 common Hispanic last names? AGUILAR Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Aguilar surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Aguilar query. FamilySearch - AGUILAR GenealogyDiscover historical records and lineage-linked family trees for individuals with the Aguilar surname and its variations from this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. AGUILAR Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Aguilar surname. DistantCousin.com - AGUILAR Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Aguilar. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Freeze Tag Drama Class Improv Game

Freeze Tag Drama Class Improv Game The Basics Freeze Tag (also known simply as Freeze) is an improvisation game and a great drama exercise for performers at any level. It works best in groups of eight or more. Two volunteers step onto the stage while the rest of the actors sit and wait for the right moment to join in. I Need a Location As with most improv activities, audience participation is essential. The actors on stage will request suggestions for a specific location. If this is a classroom exercise, the drama instructor should encourage the audience to be creative with their suggestions. For example, Stuck inside a giant vending machine or In the break room of Santas Workshop is far more inspiring than Shopping mall. The performers listen to a few of the suggestions. They then quickly select an interesting setting and the scene begins. The goal of the actors is to invent characters and dialogue off the cuff. They should quickly establish a storyline and conflict. Also, they should be encouraged to move about the stage space, pantomiming whatever they wish to incorporate into the scene. Calling Freeze! After the actors have been given enough time to create an interesting situation, the performers sitting in the audience can now participate. All they need to do is shout, Freeze! The actors on stage will then stand motionless. Whoever called out freeze enters the stage space. He or she takes the place of one of the actors, recreating the exact same pose. This can sometimes be challenging if the actor happens to be in a ballet position or crawling on all fours. But thats part of the fun! Keep It Going A brand new scene begins with a different setting and different characters. No more suggestions are taken from the audience. Instead, it is up to the performers to invent the situation. Drama instructors should ask students to let the physical positions influence the storyline of the next scene. For example, if one set of performers is frozen while in the middle of a tug of war contest, the next scene could take place at an Amish barn raising. Also, instructors should make certain that each scene is given enough time to develop. Usually, two or three minutes is ample time to establish character and conflict. At first, improvisation activities might be very challenging for unseasoned performers. Yet, we often played these sorts of games when we were children. Remember: Improvisation is simply an advanced form of playing pretend.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Economics - Essay Example in terms of taking care of customers in order to retain their loyalty and administrating other business matters. If county size is small then there are less residents in the county, and county administration can easily take care of the needs of county residents, as a result residents remain loyal and do not think about migrating from there. As the residents in a small county are few in numbers, the county administration can have close contact with them. It can listen to there problems carefully and can redress them if it thinks them justified. Due to better understanding between a resident and administration the chance of resident’s disloyalty and disappointment are reduced. Other advantage claimed by Small County is that it can more easily deal with a problem than a large county. For example if a problem of water occurs in county, a small sized county can better deal with this problem due to its small size than a large county. Secondly, as the size of county increases another issue about providing facilities like water, security, gas etc. is also raised that is, will the county administration be able to fulfill all the needs of the residents in return of taxes e.g. property tax, paid by the residents. If the size of county increases it will be very difficult for county’s administration to fairly administrate the system of taxation. 2. If the investors are permitted then how county board will provide necessary facilities e.g. water etc., in return of taxes and funds paid by residents. As county already lacks sufficient water to support such a population increase, as a result residents can be disloyal. In this situation, how it would be possible for county board to raise sufficient funds for wanted

Choose an allied health profession Research Paper

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Swahili Morphology A Comparison English Language Essay Introduction Swahili is an example of a Bantu language. Bantu languages belong to the South Central subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family. These languages are closely related to languages used in central, east-central and southern Africa (Sands, 2009). Due to the colonial history of the countries in this area, Swahili contains many loanwords from English, Arabian, Persian Indian languages, Portuguese, German and other Bantu languages. Their origins are often hardly recognisable. The reason for this is that the structure remains Bantu. In this structure, the derivational system has an important role (Mohammed, 2001). This paper contains a description of this system and other underlying processes of Swahili morphology. In this description, we draw parallels between Swahili and English. As mentioned earlier, we know that Swahili is connected to English by its loanwords. But do the two languages have anything in common concerning morphological structure and processes? 2 Typology English is an inflectional language: words are modified to express their grammatical function. Swahili is a polysynthetic language: complicated sentences are expressed using a single word (Fromkin, 2000). Swahili is a Subject-Verb-Object language in which the object and the subject can be null; this may lead to insertion of a zero morpheme. In a phrase, grammatical relations like subject and object are determined by the positions they are in. This makes Swahili a position language instead of a case language. In a case language (like German) the form of the noun or pronoun changes to show the grammatical relation. The following expression illustrates the use of SVO order in Swahili (Vitale, 1981) (Note: a gloss can be found in the appendix): (1) Juma a-li-wa-piga watoto Juma-he-P-them-hit-children Juma hit the children S V O 3 Word and morpheme classes Many Swahili words are built up by using roots and affixes. Affixes may be described in terms of the class or category of the word they combine with, and the category of word found by the root and affix combination. Whereas roots do not change, many affixes do. Swahili morphology is summarily described under the main headings: pronouns and pronominal prefixes, verbs and noun classes (Safari Akida, 1991). 3.1 Free and bound morphemes Whether a morpheme is bound or free, can be defined by considering their occurrence. Morphemes that can occur on their own are said to be free. Bound morphemes need to be attached to other morphemes. In English, for instance, nouns are free- and determiners are bound morphemes (Fromkin, 2000). Both bound and free morphemes occur in Swahili, but there are more bound morphemes than free morphemes. In English, certain word classes are always bound (like nouns); in Swahili one word class can contain both bound and free morphemes: (2) baba father samaki fish (3) m-toto child wa-toto children ki-su knife vi-su knives The nouns in example (2) (Mohammed, 2001) are free morphemes. The nouns in example (3) are bound morphemes. The word stems -toto and -su require a prefix that gives the word a certain number and class (Givon, 2001). Adjectives, like -dogo, meaning small, also need a number- and class prefix (m-, wa-, ki-, vi-, etc.). This leads to clauses like m-dogo, which can be used to express that it is small for a child (ibid.). 3.2 Pronouns and pronominal prefixes Pronouns in Swahili are divided into personal, possessive, demonstrative, generalising and interrogative pronouns (Myachina, 1981). Personal pronouns have a morphemic structure built out of roots plus the appropriate marker. These independent pronouns can stand on their own and function as an object or a subject. But they are only used in selective contexts: for instance the word ni am as in I am an African Mimi ni Africano. Next to that, they can also emphasize the subject of the sentence. In (2i) and (2ii), mimi underlines the subject (Benjamin, 1998): (4) (i) Ninataka watoto I want children (i) Mimi ninataka watoto I (really) want children (ii) Nitapita posta I will pass by the post office (ii) Mimi nitapita posta I will pass by the post office A pronoun can never replace a pronominal prefix, if a construction requires a pronominal prefix. A pronominal prefix must be included whether or not an independent pronoun is used. *Mimi tapita posta is an ill formed Swahili sentence. Pronominal prefix Person ni- 1st person singular u- 2nd person singular a- 3rd person singular tu- 1st person plural m-/mw- 2nd person plural w-/wa- 3rd person plural Not only does the pronominal prefix marks the person, it also marks the subject or object position. This is determined by the place of the pronoun within the verb: (5) Wao wanaamka They are waking up (subject) Mimi nitawaamsha I will wake them up (object) 3.3 Verbs Besides subject and object markers, tense markers can be attached to Swahili verbs as prefixes. The essential component of any finite verb is (in the following order): subject prefix tense marker verb root. If an object prefix is inserted, the verb root always follows. A negation marker of the verb always precedes the subject prefix (Safari Akida, 1991). The following template illustrates how Swahili verbs are built (Deen, 2001): (6) Subject Agreement- Tense- Object Agreement- Verb-suffixes Mood (SA) (T) (OA) (V) (M) The object agreement is an optional item. If there is a specific direct object, the object agreement is obligatory; if the direct object isnt specific, the object agreement can be deleted (ibid.). Mood is always the final suffix. It can either be indicative -a, subjunctive -e, or negative -i. When the suffix is indicative, the word describes ongoing actions or states, habitual actions of the present, actions and states in the past or future and imperatives. The subjunctive mainly expresses desires, possibility, necessity and requests (ibid.). In Swahili clauses, the infinitive (a prefix) is rarely used; other inflectional prefixes are used to modify the clause. We can conclude that Swahili is a bare verb language. In English, bare stems are also used without the infinitive to like in I can sing (Deen, 2003).This puts the two languages in the same class: they are both bare verb languages instead of root infinitive languages. 3.4 Nouns In Swahili, every noun is assigned to a specific noun class. The noun classes are generally marked by a class prefix. Swahili nouns are inflected for gender and number by a characteristically Bantu prefix system (Vitale, 1981). Gender is grammatical and affixes mark a noun for membership in a noun class. These are, for the most part, not definable on semantic grounds. There is a certain amount of discrepancy as to which of several numbering systems should be used in the classification of the gender system. The original Swahili classes 12 and 13 have no reflexes in present-day Swahili. In modern Swahili, nouns are categorised in far less noun classes as shown below: Table 5: Modern Swahili noun classes (Mohammed, 2001) Note that classes 15, 16, 17 and 18 have not been illustrated above because they do not have plural forms Nouns in classes 1/2 denote only humans (but not all humans are in class 1/2). Class 14 refers to abstract characteristics. Class 15 has verbal infinitives and classes 16 18 are locatives. For the remaining classes the semantic base is less obvious. For example: class 3/4 contains words denoting plants and trees, class 9/10 contains names of animals, and class 6 contains liquids (Brown Ogilvie, 2009). 3.5 Compounding Like in English, words in Swahili compound to make a new word or give a specific definition to a word. This process of compounding mainly occurs in Swahili by conjoining two nouns (N+N), a noun and a verb (N+V), a noun and an adjective (N+A) and a verb and a noun (V+N). In some cases, compounding can also occur with a verb and a verb (V+V) or a verb and an adjective (V+A) (Nshubemuki, 1999). Table 6 shows a number of compounded terms in Swahili. Sometimes a word or term can get a whole new definition or can function in a whole new word class: Table 6: Compounded Swahili words (ibid.) Elements Swahili terms (English equivalent) derived Swahili term (English equivalent) N+N msumeno (saw) + juu (top) msumenoju (top saw) N+V kemikali (chemical) + amsha (stimulate) amshakikemilkali (chemical stimulation) N+A tumba (bud) + bwete (dormant) tumbabwete (dormant bud) V+N tegemea (depend(ent)) + kimelea (parasite) kimeleategemezi (hyperparasite) V+V fanya (make) + tendana (to do with) mfanyikotendani (process) V+A pasua (saw in two) + nyofu (straight) upasuajimnyofu (to break down timber) 4 Inflection and derivation in Swahili verbs The template of verbs in (6) makes it clear that inflection and derivation are morphological processes occurring in Swahili. Because of the importance of these processes, we will take a closer look at prefixation, suffixation, infixion and incorporation. 4.1 Prefixation Swahili is a prefix language where the verb stem or root is usually preceded by derivational prefixes. In turn, these derivational prefixes are preceded by inflectional prefixes (Prikola, 2001). The verbal morphology of Swahili involves many productive inflectional and derivational morphemes. The verbal prefixes are mainly inflectional. The main prefixes indicate the subject and object agreement markers and the tense markers (Seidl Dimitriadis, 2003). To specify this, we will give an example. Look at the Swahili sentences in (7) and their proposed translation in English, shown in between apostrophes (Fromkin, 2000): (7) Ninasoma Tunasoma Ni-na-soma Tu-na-soma 1S-Pres-read 1Pl-Pres-read I am reading We are reading First of all, lets have a look at what the two sentences above have in common. There is the verbs head, -soma, translated in English as (to) read. In (7) -soma works as the head of the sentence, the verb root. The morpheme -soma is bound. This verb root needs affixes, so that it can be used as a word (ibid.). The affixes in (7) are indicators of tense and person. Apparently, the prefix na- is a tense marker, which, combined with the verb root -soma, means something like present tense read, here translated as is and are. The remaining prefixes Ni- and Tu- provide information whether the person who is reading is first person singular (I) or first person plural (We). Looking at these examples, we can say that inflected Swahili verbs give information about tense and person. These sentences are complex verbs, because a complete sentence can be expressed by forming one word (ibid.). We can therefore say that Swahilis subject-verb-agreement morphology takes place through prefixes. 4.2 Suffixation In Swahili, the verbal suffixes show derivation which can be very productive. Derivational morphemes increase the vocabulary, but their occurrence is not related to sentence structure (ibid.). The most productive and frequently used derivational morphemes are the causative, passive, stative, applicative and reciprocal ones. They function as an extension of the verb. Swahili verbs can carry some derivational suffixes, but are bound to a specific order after the verb root. Some derivational suffixes (such as the causative and applicative) add an argument, some absorb an argument and some leave the number of arguments unchanged (SD, 2003). 4.3 Infixion and incorporation In the passive form, we see that infixes can occur in Swahili verbs (Buell, 2002): (8) kitabu hakitasomwa kitabu ha- ki- ta- som- w- a 7.book neg- 7.subj- Fut- read- Pass- default.vowel the book wont be read In (8) we see that the -w- functions as an infix for the passive. As shown above, incorporation of pronouns occurs in Swahili. The pronouns are incorporated within the verb. Infixion in negating infinitival nouns can occur as well. Here the infinitival noun shows an act of doing (and is derived from a verb) and therefore shows no number. Infixion of the grammatical particle -to- gives a negation to the infinitival noun. To make this clear, we will give an example (Mohammed, 2001): (9) kutokuja failure 5 Heads and hierarchy The head of a word is the element that contains the category and other properties of the word itself (Lieber, 1981). There are different theories concerning head and hierarchy. Williams theory assumes that the category of the items and their composition are attached to syntactic features (Williams, 1981). In other words, the prefixes give information about number and class and syntactically modify the mother node. An example (Droste, 1989): (10) shind root shind-a to conquer (verbal) shind-i / shind-aji / shind-e the conqueror (person) m-shind-I / m-shind-aji / m-shind-e who is conquered wa-shind-I / wa-shind-aji plural (11) M-tu person Wa-tu persons Ji-tu giant Ma-ji-tu giants Ki-tu thing vi-tu things In English we see the same phenomenon: (11) play Inf + -(e)d P played Dog Sg + -s Pl dogs Ugly Adj + -er Com uglier The fact that the suffix here functions as the head leads to a contradiction in the analysis of the right head rule in the word shind. According to Selkirk, prefixes are markers for plural, tense and person. In m-shind-i, the suffix -i is the head and the nominalizer, the root -shind- is an unmarked non-head and the non-head m- is marked for class and number to be percolated. In m-tu the root -tu percolates its inherent nominal category, whereas the prefix again stands for number and class (Selkirk, 1984). According to Selkirk, suffixes in Swahili are responsible for the category of a word: (12) A-li-vi-chom-a Sg sub. P-Pl-root-V A-li-vi = non heads (but they show SA, TA and OA) chom= root -a = head In English, the head always comes at the right most end of a word and determines the category or word class of the word. As mentioned above, we can conclude that in Swahili grammar membership of a word category is always determined by the right-hand morpheme. Williams noticed that the category of the items and the compositions are attached to syntactic features. Williams formulation of the right head rule therefore can be maintained. 6 Variation in morphology In Swahili, there can be variation in morphology. In the following, we will take a closer look at the occurrence of allomorphy, free variation and portmanteau in Swahili. 6.1 Allomorphy and free variation Allomorphs are morphemes that can be realized in different ways, while maintaining their meaning (Fromkin, 2000). In English, we see this in the word pills, which is pronounced as /pillz/, while the plural is usually formed by adding an consonant /-s/. Swahili also has allomorphs. For instance, the past tense markers -li and -ku. They are both used to express past tense, but differ in form. In passive verbs, the following allomorphs are used: -w, -liw, -iw and -w. For the causative verb, the allomorphs -sh, -esh, -sh, -z, -ez and -z (Mohammed, 2001). We see the same phenomenon with nouns. A word from noun class 1 takes mu- as a prefix, but when a class 1 noun starts with a vowel, the prefix changes to m- or mw- (Zawawi, 1979). (13) muuguzi nurses (14) mwezi thieves Because there is an underlying rule to this change, this is conditioned allomorphy. As we have seen, Swahili nouns take various class prefixes according to the class they belong. The noun class system is not as strict as implied. There are many words that do not fit in one of these classes based on a semantic characterization. There is variation which is illustrated in atypical, flexible, irregular, and un-prefixed nouns. A variation for the use of the noun classes is nominal derivation, by shifting nouns from one class to the other. For example, shifting nouns into class 7/8 denotes diminutive -kitoto a small child- while class 6 can be used to express a group of individuals, and not only the plural form: fisi (class 10) hyenas, mafisi (class 6) a pack of hyenas . But not only the classification of the noun class can vary. There is also variation in the noun prefixes. Sometimes two noun classes share the same prefix, but do not share the same noun class. For example, the regular prefix in classes 1 and 3 is m- . Some agreements are the same for both classes, and some are not. This can depend on the phonological form of the prefix rather than the syntactic-semantic characteristics of the noun class (Alcock Ngorosho, 2002). 6.2 Portmanteau A morpheme that contains multiple meaningful elements, is called a portmanteau. These different elements of meaning cannot be segmented within the morpheme (Fromkin, 2000). For instance, in English, the verb is represents third person, singular, present tense and the lexeme be. Portmanteaus also occur in Swahili. In the expression tu-li-wa-lim-ish-a, meaning We made them cultivate, the morpheme tu represents second person, plural and subject. In the same example, the morpheme wa represents first person, plural, object (Katamba, 1994). It is clear that in both cases, different phi-features are expressed in one morpheme. Therefore, we can conclude that they are portmanteaus. 7 Reduplication Swahili contains morphological reduplication. This means that all or a part of a word is copied (completely or partial) to show a change in meaning or usage. An example of reduplication is monosyllabic reduplication (Akinlabi, 1995). In this case the reduplicated morpheme is phonologically similar in order to produce disyllabic words. This is total reduplication: (15) ba-ba father bu-bu dumb person lu-lu pearl kwi-kwi hiccup A native consonant (C) plus a vowel (V) can be reduplicated, therefore this CV-structure is reduplicated. In some cases there is also a prefix involved. This prefix is responsible for the class of the word: (16) m-dudu an insect Neither monosyllabic stems such as ba or bu, nor trisyllabic stems such as bababa or bububu has the meaning of a disyllabic form like baba or bubu (ibid.). Monosyllabic reduplication is also found in six personal independent pronouns, as shown in table 1 and in (17) below: (17) Mimi I Sisi We Wewe You (Sg) Nyinyi You (Pl) Yeye S/he These pronouns are only meaningful when they are combined with another morpheme. Trisyllabic reduplication of a monosyllabic word like in (18) shows us partial reduplication (Akinlabi, 1995). (18) -eupe white Nyeupe pepepe very (snow) white -eusi black Nyeusi tititi very (pitch) black -fa die Kufa fofofo die completely Different meanings can occur when (parts of) words are reduplicated as shown in the monosyllabic, disyllabic and trisyllabic words in (19): (19) Kaka brother Kakaka variety of vegetable Kakakaka hastily In English, reduplication is not a regular process of word formation. It can occur though: Exact reduplication; papa, mama, goody-goody, never-never Ablaut reduplication; zig-zag, ping-pong, flip-flop Rhyme reduplication; razzle-dazzle, boogie-woogie, hodge-podge 8 Problems in morphological analysis While making this paper, we found some problems in analyzing Swahili morphology. In the following paragraphs we will look at some of these difficulties. 8.1 Zero morphemes While analyzing Swahili expressions difficulties may occur because of the existence of zero morphemes (Ø). Zero morphemes are morphemes that are neither pronounced, nor written, but do have a certain function. They can be applied in different ways. In Swahili, Ø can occur in verbs, nouns and subjects. 8.1.1 Zero morphemes: verbs When a verb is negated, the subject prefix is preceded by a negation marker si-, which replaces the pronominal subject prefix ni- and ha-. For instance, I didnt eat is sikukula in Swahili. Besides the pronominal subject prefix, the tense marker also changes, when the verb is negated. Some tense markers become null (Ø). These are the affirmative tense markers -a- (present simple), -na- (present continuous) and -hu- (present habitual) (Safari Akida, 2003). An example (Lot Publications, 2010): (20) ha-wa-Ã ¸-imb-i Neg-SA2-Pres-SAs-Neg.Pres.Ind They do not sing 8.1.2 Zero morphemes: nouns Looking at the noun classes in table 4, we see that nouns like fruits or produce of plants take the affix ma- in plural, but there is no affix to express the singular form. Therefore, the singular form takes a zero morpheme, as illustrated in (20) (Mohammed, 2001): (21) Ø chungwa an orange machungwa oranges Ø ua a flower mauwa flowers The zero morpheme indicates that the word is singular. Besides the class that is shown in the example, there are many more classes that take a zero morpheme to differentiate between plural and singular. When we compare this to English, we see that in English, a singular noun is most likely to be preceded by a determiner and the plural form is often locked into the word (an apple apples). But there are some nouns that carry a zero morpheme. For instance: the word fish remains the same when the plural form is derived from the singular noun. In the plural form, a zero morpheme is the most right morpheme. This silent morpheme is placed here to distinguish between plural and singular nouns. 8.1.3 Zero morphemes: null subject and null objects In some Swahili clauses, the subject or object is marked by a zero morpheme: the morpheme that marks the person and number of the subject or object is not written nor pronounced. The subject can be absent (22), as well as the object (23) (Deen, 2002): (22) a na m pend a Mariam SA3s Pres- OA3s like- Ind Mariam He likes Mariam (23) a na m pend a SA3s- Pres OA3s like Ind He likes her We can recognise the phi features of subject and object, looking at the subject- and object agreement within the verb. Swahili is a null subject language, whereas in English, subject dropping is less common (ibid.). In English, the subject can be dropped in informal communication (24). However, there are many restrictions: the subject can not be dropped in questions (25); stressed subjects can not be omitted (26); subject pronoun drop is not permitted in embedded clauses (27) (Weir, 2009): (24) Dont think I can make it tonight. (25) *Are Ø going to the party? (26) A: Who runs this place? B: * Run this place. (27) *Ø Dont think Ø should go. 8.2 Stem marker -ku- An other difficulty in analyzing Swahili morphology is the infinitival marker ku. As mentioned in the infinitival noun example in (9), some verbs in Swahili require the insertion of the morpheme -ku-. In negative infinitives, this would mean that there are two infinitival markers: (28) ku-to-ku-j-a ku-Neg-ku-come-FV not to come In his article A lexical treatment for stem markers in Swahili, Marten claims that the general analysis of the second -ku- in example (28) as a stem marker. A stem marker should be inserted when the tense markers cannot carry stress. The analysis of -ku- as a stem marker in example (28), implies unjustly that there are two infinitival markers in negative infinitives (Marten, 2002). It is clear that there is more than one way to analyze the morpheme -ku-. 8.3 Word boundaries In Swahili, it is difficult to determine word boundaries. We can detect a boundary by looking at the verb template as given earlier in paragraph 3.3. Another important element in determining word boundaries, is stress (Zwart, 1997). 9 Conclusion In this paper we gave a description of Swahili morphology and where possible, drew parallels between Swahili and English. There are some broad similarities between the two languages. Swahili and English share the same (bare verb-) language class. Both languages are right headed languages, even though in Swahili a finite vowel can be placed after the head. Many of the morphological processes that occur in Swahili, occur in English as well. However, the degree to which these processes occur, differs. In Swahili, inflection and derivation have a more decisive role than in English. The fact that Swahili nouns (which can be placed in different noun classes) are often bound and need a prefix, unlike in English, where most nouns are free, illustrates this. Reduplication is another phenomenon that occurs more often in Swahili than in English. In Swahili, even personal pronouns are reduplications. The use of zero morphemes, portmanteaus and allomorphs is also more common in Swahili than in En glish. Swahili has some characteristics that cannot be related to English, like the problem of analyzing the stem marker -ku- and the determining of word boundaries. Another example is the way verbs are built. The verb template in Swahili differs from the verb template in English. The underlying cause of many of the differences between the languages is their typology: Swahili is a polysynthetic language, English is an inflectional language. The difference in typology is an important explanation for the difference in the occurrence of many of the morphological processes.